- The Peru wrapped in the myth of development ...
TPISPOL FORUM: NETWORK DEMOCRATIC
July 2007
EL PERU'S INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT MYTH
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ eleccion/message/23671
Many believe today that Peru's GDP growth is a sign that the economy has entered a virtuous cycle that leads to development. Growing up is not development, growth based on mineral commodities is less so. Peru has always exported mining products and has never managed to become a developed country. "For now many believe this cyclical boom in mineral prices will lead to development? This cyclical bonanza ores always arises as external factors and external factors also cease. Today depends specifically on the strong international demand, particularly from China, and also of great speculation in world markets.
The history of our underdevelopment is a series of booms and terrible crisis of exports produced by external factors. As were the booms and crises of guano, saltpeter and rubber in the nineteenth century and the boom and bust of the minerals in the twentieth century. In no case shall the temporary booms in commodity prices have reduced poverty in Peru. In contrast, the export of raw materials combined with high population growth, including urban, through more than 180 years of independence, has made poverty in Peru to become hereditary and now affects nearly half of the Peruvian population. Recent reports by the Peruvian Institute of Statistics (INEI) show that the boom in mineral prices and exports has not helped to reduce income inequality and poverty. Since 1991 wages in Peru that were 30% of GDP have fallen to arrive in 2005 to 22.9. So it is not surprising that low wages combined with high rates of unemployment and underemployment rise to a constant social turmoil in Peru and growing emigration.
Indeed, nothing demonstrates more the failure of national development in Peru that the Peruvian tsunami of economic refugees in foreign. No international analyst, academic or private banker seriously consider that Peru is in the process of development, just because its GDP is growing due to primary exports, particularly exports des minerals, which are 60% of them. These specialists come to Peru as a primary economy, traditional, very competitive, embedded in a very poor society, where half the population lives on $ 2 and constant upheaval. Private international analysts, unlike international bureaucracies World Bank and United Nations, considered that the poor are more than half of the population in Peru because they are also poor people, earning 3, 4 and perhaps up to $ 6 a day is not poor, in a global economy, a person with $ 6 a day, 180 per month. What happens is that the international bureaucracy has put extreme poverty bar very low at $ 1 a day and poverty, on $ 2 a day. Therefore, any improvement in this pitiful situation for these technocrats is to overcome poverty, that is when the inhabitants of a country are $ 3 a day (90 dollars a month) are no longer poor!.
Poverty is the consequence of underdevelopment is not the case. Today, the biggest obstacle to development with countries like Peru and Latin America is cultural. Indeed, since independence all these countries have shown a lack of historical vocation of the mathematical, physical, chemical and biological weapons and also for research and development of technologies derived from these sciences, to constantly innovate its domestic production.
As a result of this historical lack of vocation for the natural sciences, American societies America today are real "unscientific cultures, societies where nearly all knowledge and discourse is historical, legal, sociological, economic or literary point where it is preferred that the logarithm, the rhetoric that the experiment, the belief rather than doubt scientific. The result is that almost no programs for Research and Scientific Development (R & D) are those who do, in this era of innovation, the difference between wealth and poverty, between development and underdevelopment, between Asia and Latin America.
countries unscientific trapped in cultures as Latin Americans, are only capable of producing and exporting natural resources and manufactured goods with low technological content, which always have less value than products with high technological content that matters. Consequently, these countries can not accumulate resources to meet their growing demands modernization of urban expansion. In this situation no alternative but to permanently borrow to buy the scientific and technological progress not know how to produce. Thus, the root cause of underdevelopment is not economic but cultural.
Economists have largely ignored the explanations "cultural" development. To economic formulas they just explain the wealth of nations. This simply is not. Empirical experience shows, for example, that a country can practice more radical free-market formulas but still trapped in an unscientific culture will remain a backward society, indebted and poor because they always exported natural resources and products with low technological content have less value than scientific progress that constantly has to import.
Today, only 10% of the world's scientists are in developing countries, 90% of this percentage, is Asia, divided between Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, China and India. These are the only Asian countries that, apart from the United States, Japan and the European Union, reported each year hundreds of patents in the World Industrial Property. Latin America has only 0.7% of scientists from developing countries and not inventing anything. The Asia region is compared with the scientific-technological wasteland. Except for Brazil, no other Latin American country, R & D spending in an amount not even close to 1% of GNP.
In Peru, the investment in scientific and technological research is almost nil. The state spends only 0.03 of GDP, one of the most under-investment in R & D in the region. No society can go in the XXI century, underdevelopment knowledge only restricted to the humanities and social sciences. This knowledge is essential but not sufficient to enter into a true development process. It is for these reasons that humanity enters its third millennium as a dual planetary society divided. On the one hand, a minority of countries that are prosperous effort scientific intellectual, who invent and innovate products and services. The other, a majority of poor countries like Peru and Latin America, which still live physical exertion, exploitation of natural resources and bureaucratic routine work, buying ever more expensive scientific and technological progress can not create.
So to know if a country is "in development" should not be impressed with the GDP growth, fueled by the boom time of primary exports, but to observe if you are graduating more scientists, engineers and technologists, lawyers, scholars, historians, sociologists and psychologists. And above all, check whether the state, enterprises, universities and colleges invest in R & D to continuously innovate the production, as happens today in South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, India, China and Malaysia, which are today only countries that are developing or already developed.
A true sign that in Peru there is a virtuous cycle to development would be the existence of a state strategy to get rid of the trap unscientific culture today that keeps us in underdevelopment. A strategy whose main thrust would be a revolution in education to achieve the same or more graduate scientists and scholars program research and development investments in science and technology to increase the technological content of our production. This signal is occurring in Peru, nor in Latin America where the culture remains firmly unscientific, where exports are still low technological content, where the GNP increases but increases social inequality, where the rich live in a secure haven, the middle class in a purgatory and people in hell,
July 2007
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